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Eid mubarak!

Today and tomorrow mark the end of the month of Ramadan, when Muslims fast during the day.  Tonight and tomorrow night they feast.

It has been a truly terrible Ramadan in Syria, where Kofi Annan’s peace plan has died (along with thousands of additional Syrians) and the Asad regime has intensified military action, especially in Aleppo.  Prospects are not good:  Asad refuses to step aside and the opposition refuses to negotiate with him.  We are not yet at Bill Zartman’s “mutually hurting stalemate,” when both sides see no gain in continuing to fight and decide instead to talk.

Egypt has taken another unexpected turn, with elected President Morsy taking over by decree the executive and legislative powers that the military had previously reserved for itself.  He did it with savoir faire:  previous military leaders were retired with medals and new ones chosen from just below them.  It is impossible to escape the conclusion that the Muslim Brotherhood, from which Morsy hails, and the military have reached a mutual accommodation, leaving Egypt’s secular revolutionaries out in the cold, which isn’t very refreshing in Egypt at this time of year.

In Libya, Tunisia and Yemen, the revolutions are looking a lot better.  Libya‘s General National Congress, elected July 7, convened on schedule and chose as President       Magarief, who promises to be a unifying figure.  Tunisia is struggling to produce a constitution, with final approval delayed at least to April 2013 rather than October 2012.  Yemen has made a start with military reform and is now embarking on preparations for its national dialogue, to be held in November and followed by constitution-writing.

Elsewhere counter-revolution is winning.  Bahrain has sentenced human rights activist Nabeel Rajab to three years in prison.  I wonder if he would have attracted more attention if his name were Pussy Riot.  Algeria, Jordan, Morocco and Saudi Arabia have stifled any serious reform moves.  In Iraq, Prime Minister Maliki has weathered political challenges and continues to accumulate power even as frictions between Baghdad and Kurdistan grow.

It looks as if the Arab awakening will continue mainly in North Africa, where it began in early 2011.  While Libya has ample oil and gas resources, none of the other countries in which revolutions have come to fruition does.  Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen all have serious economic challenges ahead.  Syria will be an economic basket case the day after Asad is gone.  If we want anything like democracy to prevail in these places, there is going to be a substantial bill to pay.

Marc Lynch has called this a cruel summer.  It has certainly been that and worse in Syria.  But those of us who have experience with transitions, especially in post-conflict environments, set the bar low.  There has been progress elsewhere, even if halting and slower than hoped.

The big open questions are these:  is Egypt getting back on track, or are we seeing a new, Islamist autocracy in the making?  Can Saudi Arabia manage the succession to next-generation leadership without upheaval?  Can the regional war that has begun in Syria be ended before it engulfs several other countries?  Can Iran‘s nuclear ambitions be ended at the negotiating table, or will Israel or the United States attack?

No answers are needed today.  It suffices to salute those who observe Ramadan with “Eid mubarak!”