Information and social media in the Arab Spring
At the 10th anniversary of the Arab Spring, one question that remains unanswered is whether the use of social media presaged today’s world of rampant disinformation, coordinated online trolls, and weaponized information. While protestors’ use of the internet during the revolutions initially caught most governments flat-footed, manipulating information to maintain domestic control is increasingly commonplace. In this virtual event March 10, the Atlantic Council explored how social media evolved over the course of a single decade from a symbol of hope to a tool for manipulation. Speakers and their affiliations are listed below:
Rasha A. Abdulla: Professor, Journalism and Mass Communication Department, The American University in Cairo (AUC)
Andy Carvin: Resident Senior Fellow and Managing Director, DFRLab, Atlantic Council
Borzou Daragahi: Nonresident Senior Fellow, Middle East Programs, Atlantic Council
Tuqa Nusairat (moderator): Deputy Director, Rafik Hariri Center and Middle East Programs, Atlantic Council
The Age of Innocence
A common theme among all of the panelists was the innocent nature of social media in the early days of the Arab Spring. This innocence extended to both governments’ conceptions of the internet and activists’ uses of it. As Carvin noted, governments were initially naive about the revolutionary potential of the internet. As a result, early attempts to repress activists during the Arab Spring often took the form of traditional violence and coercion rather than the manipulation of digital spaces, reflecting a lack of concern that the internet and social media could be a significant mobilizing force. Abdulla echoed these sentiments. She relayed an anecdote frequently shared about the Mubarak regime in Egypt during the first demonstrations against the Egyptian government, when members of the regime stated that they would “let the kids play” with social media and the internet.
Innocence regarding the nature of the internet likewise extended to activists themselves. Daragahi pointed to the open nature of the internet in 2011, in which activists posted statements on social media using their real names. Carvin similarly recalled speaking with a Tunisian activist in 2011 who extolled the virtues of having her/his name associated with online comments. Both panelists contrasted this early use of the internet for activism with more recent years, in which activists have increasingly gravitated towards pseudonyms and encrypted telecommunications, where the risk of repression is substantially lower.
The Rise of Coordinated Disinformation
As governments became more aware of the power of the internet and social media to destabilize their hold on power, they began to develop increasingly sophisticated methods for maintaining control over the information environment. Carvin commented on the ability of regimes to adapt new, more effective methods for exploiting the digital sphere. The first instance of regime counter-responses to digital activism occurred in Syria in 2011, where the Assad regime used bots to amplify random stories about Syria that crowded out activists’ tweets. In Saudi Arabia, the government used real people to push propaganda and pro-government narratives rather than bots. Throughout the region, governments have become more adept at crowding out activists from social media or identifying and targeting opposition voices.
Carvin suggested that one of the most insidious recent developments in disinformation has been the growth of private firms available for hire that will create disinformation campaigns on demand. He specifically pointed to a Tunisian firm that has created disinformation to support multiple political candidates in Togo, Cote d’Ivoire, and Tunisia, but he noted that the degree to which these firms exist and the scale of their disinformation networks is as yet largely unknown. Abdulla also identified social media platforms as playing a role in crowding out activist voices. She especially condemned the practice of ghost-banning, in which platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram decrease the visibility of certain users. This process is particularly problematic because it occurs with no transparency and is often difficult to identify at all.
While governments have learned to more effectively control digital spaces, Daragahi stressed that the use of social media and the internet is only one facet of activism. Ultimately, the ability to mobilize on the streets and the desire to effect change upon the world are far more consequential determinants of political change.
To watch the event in full, please click here:
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